日式景觀設計風格源自從漢末開始日本持續向中國派出的漢使全方位中國文化的學習使得日本園林景觀設計風格(ge)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)式(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀風格(ge)的影響下(xia)得到了長足的發展(zhan)和改變(bian)。 日(ri)本與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的關系始于(yu)漢(han)代從(cong)漢(han)末開始日(ri)本不斷向中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)派出漢(han)使(shi)全方位學習(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)文化。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術的影響下(xia)經(jing)過(guo)漫(man)長的歷史變(bian)遷逐漸(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)具有日(ri)本民族特色的日(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)。 公元六世紀中(zhong)(zhong)式(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀藝術隨佛教傳入日(ri)本。日(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)初期相(xiang)當于(yu)囿(you)的苑(yuan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因輸入了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)較為(wei)成(cheng)熟(shu)的技法除動(dong)植物外更(geng)多的是(shi)人工山(shan)水(shui)(shui)即更(geng)接(jie)近于(yu)人工園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。由于(yu)結合了日(ri)本國(guo)(guo)(guo)土性質采用舟(zhou)游的形(xing)式(shi)其(qi)內容有山(shan)水(shui)(shui)部分的池(chi)、磯、須彌山(shan)等(deng)(deng)動(dong)物部分的龜、魚、狗、馬等(deng)(deng)建筑有苑(yuan)、離宮(gong)、吳橋、畫舫等(deng)(deng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)活(huo)動(dong)有狩獵、舟(zhou)游、其(qi)水(shui)(shui)宴等(deng)(deng)。

      日(ri)(ri)(ri)式景觀(guan)(guan)設計(ji)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)受我國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林藝術的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響但經過長(chang)(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)與創新已(yi)形成(cheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本民(min)族獨有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)式風(feng)(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山水園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。可以認為日(ri)(ri)(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林起初重(zhong)在(zai)(zai)把中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部內容(rong)有(you)(you)(you)選擇、有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)展(zhan)地兼收并(bing)蓄入(ru)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化傳(chuan)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后來(lai)則通過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國禪宗的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)入(ru)把對園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林精(jing)神的(de)(de)(de)(de)追求推向極致(zhi)并(bing)產(chan)生有(you)(you)(you)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林形式。 日(ri)(ri)(ri)本景觀(guan)(guan)設計(ji)以清純、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)聞名于世(shi)。它(ta)有(you)(you)(you)別(bie)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林人(ren)工之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)而是(shi)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)人(ren)工.它(ta)著重(zhong)體現和象征自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)景觀(guan)(guan)避免人(ren)工斧鑿(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡創造(zao)出(chu)一種(zhong)簡樸、清寧的(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)美境界。 在(zai)(zai)表現自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)時日(ri)(ri)(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林更注重(zhong)對自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提煉、濃縮(suo)并(bing)創造(zao)出(chu)能(neng)使人(ren)入(ru)靜(jing)入(ru)定、超凡脫俗的(de)(de)(de)(de)心靈感受從而使日(ri)(ri)(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)耐看、耐品、值得細(xi)細(xi)體會的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)巧細(xi)膩含而不(bu)露的(de)(de)(de)(de)特色(se)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)象征性能(neng)引發(fa)觀(guan)(guan)賞(shang)者(zhe)對人(ren)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)索和領悟(wu)。 日(ri)(ri)(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)彩之(zhi)處(chu)在(zai)(zai)于它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小巧而精(jing)致(zhi)枯寂而玄妙抽象而深邃。大者(zhe)不(bu)過一畝余小者(zhe)僅幾平方(fang)米日(ri)(ri)(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林就是(shi)用這種(zhong)極少的(de)(de)(de)(de)構成(cheng)要(yao)素達到極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)意韻效(xiao)果。日(ri)(ri)(ri)本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林雖(sui)早期受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響但在(zai)(zai)長(chang)(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)形成(cheng)了自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特色(se)尤(you)其在(zai)(zai)小庭(ting)院方(fang)面產(chan)生了頗有(you)(you)(you)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)庭(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

      從種(zhong)類而言日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)庭(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)般(ban)可分為枯(ku)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)、池泉(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)、平庭(ting)、茶庭(ting)、露(lu)地、回游式、觀賞式、坐觀式、舟游式以(yi)及它們的組合等。 枯(ku)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)又叫假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)特(te)有的造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)手法系日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的精華。其本(ben)(ben)(ben)質(zhi)意義是(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)庭(ting)即在庭(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內敷白砂(sha)綴以(yi)石(shi)組或適量樹(shu)木(mu)因無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)而得名。 池泉(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)池泉(quan)(quan)為中心的園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)構成(cheng)體現(xian)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的本(ben)(ben)(ben)質(zhi)特(te)征即島國(guo)性國(guo)家的特(te)征。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中以(yi)水(shui)(shui)池為中心布置島、瀑布、土(tu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、溪流、橋、亭(ting)、榭等。 筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在庭(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內堆(dui)土(tu)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)綴以(yi)石(shi)組、樹(shu)木(mu)、飛石(shi)、石(shi)燈籠(long)的園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)構成(cheng)。一(yi)般(ban)要求有較(jiao)大的規模以(yi)表(biao)現(xian)開(kai)闊的河山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)常利用自然地形加(jia)以(yi)人工(gong)美化(hua)達到幽深豐富的景(jing)致。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)中的園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)在中國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)中被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為崗或阜日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)稱(cheng)(cheng)為筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)較(jiao)大的崗阜或野筋坡度較(jiao)緩的土(tu)丘或山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)腰(yao)。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)庭(ting)院中一(yi)般(ban)有池泉(quan)(quan)但(dan)不一(yi)定(ding)有筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)即日(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)以(yi)池泉(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為主筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)為輔(fu)。

      平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)即在(zai)平(ping)(ping)坦(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基地上進(jin)(jin)行(xing)規劃和建設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)平(ping)(ping)坦(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)地上表現出一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)山谷(gu)地帶或原(yuan)野的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風景(jing)用(yong)(yong)各種(zhong)巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)、植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)燈和溪(xi)流配(pei)置在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起組成各種(zhong)自然景(jing)色多(duo)用(yong)(yong)草(cao)地、花(hua)壇等(deng)。根(gen)據庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)內敷材不同而有芝(zhi)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、苔庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、砂(sha)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)等(deng)。平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)和筑(zhu)山庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)都有真(zhen)、行(xing)、草(cao)三種(zhong)格式。 茶庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)也叫露(lu)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、露(lu)路(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)把茶道融入(ru)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)之中為(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)茶道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀而創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)形(xing)(xing)式。面積很小可(ke)設(she)(she)(she)在(zai)筑(zhu)山庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)和平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)之中一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)茶室前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段空間里布(bu)置各種(zhong)景(jing)觀。步石(shi)(shi)(shi)道路(lu)按一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)線經(jing)廁所、洗(xi)手缽后到達目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地。茶庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)猶如(ru)中國園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)中之園(yuan)但空間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化沒有中國園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)層次(ci)豐富。其園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣氛是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)裸露(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步石(shi)(shi)(shi)象(xiang)征崎嶇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山間石(shi)(shi)(shi)徑(jing)以(yi)地上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)松葉(xie)暗示茂密森林(lin)(lin)以(yi)蹲踞式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洗(xi)手缽象(xiang)征圣潔泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)以(yi)寺社的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圍墻、石(shi)(shi)(shi)燈籠(long)來模(mo)仿古剎神社的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肅穆清(qing)靜。 回游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)式、觀賞(shang)式、坐觀式、舟游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)式是(shi)(shi)(shi)指在(zai)大型庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)園(yuan)中設(she)(she)(she)有回游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環池設(she)(she)(she)路(lu)或可(ke)兼(jian)作(zuo)水(shui)(shui)面游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)覽用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兼(jian)舟游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環池設(she)(she)(she)路(lu)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)(shi)(shi)舟游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、回游(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、坐觀三種(zhong)方(fang)式結合在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起從(cong)而增加園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)趣味性。有別于中國園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步移景(jing)隨(sui)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)靜觀為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。 日(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四分(fen)(fen)之三都由植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、山石(shi)(shi)(shi)和水(shui)(shui)體(ti)構成因此從(cong)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)計上日(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)配(pei)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)突出特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)園(yuan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)種(zhong)不多(duo)常常是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)二種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)景(jing)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)再選用(yong)(yong)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)二種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)點(dian)景(jing)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)層次(ci)清(qing)楚(chu)形(xing)(xing)式簡潔但十分(fen)(fen)美觀。選材以(yi)常綠樹(shu)木為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)花(hua)卉(hui)較(jiao)少且多(duo)有特別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義如(ru)松樹(shu)代表長壽櫻花(hua)代表完美鳶(yuan)尾代表純潔等(deng)等(deng)。